Society Essays - Social Philosophy, Metaphysics, Autonomy, Will

Society What does man owe society? I think man owes society a lot of things. We owe society our respect for the laws most of all. We should obey all the laws the government has issued even if we think they're not for our own good. If everyone would just obey the laws, this society would be close to perfect. The laws are there for a reason, so people should obey them for a reason. Another thing man owes society is the knowledge that he learns throughout his life. Man learns a lot of things during his life, and these things learned should be passed down from one generation to another. This applies to personal knowledge especially. Something that has been learned and can help better the society should be taught to everyone. No knowledge should be held back. Another thing man owes society is his self dependence. People shouldn't depend on society to support them unless they are truly in need of help. Man should give his best effort to support himself. What does society owe man? One really important thing society owes man is protection and safety. Laws are the main thing society provides to keep people safe from anything that may harm them. But keep in mind, laws only work if they are obeyed. Another thing society owes is its knowledge that has been learned through the years. Everyone should have the same opportunity to learn what is available. Society has to provide these things so that they can be carried on and will never be forgotten. Even though there are probably more things that man owes society and that society owes man, I think these are the most important. If everyone would just contribute to society and society would contribute all to man, we probably would be happier in life.

Education Programs in Prisons as a Valid Form of Rehabilitation essays

Education Programs in Prisons as a Valid Form of Rehabilitation essays Education is the most important form of rehabilitation for inmates. Although prison is often seen as a place of punishment, the public must look into the future at these individuals are released into society. While offering inmates a chance to improve while they are incarcerated, we are doing what we can to create a better life for all. Statistics indicate that when prisoners are provided an education, they gain higher self-esteem and recidivism rates drop dramatically. This is solution works for everyone. This paper will examine the effects that receiving a higher education has on inmates as well as society. According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons, there is an "inverse relationship between recidivism rates and education" (Open Society Institute). In fact, the higher the level of education a prisoner receives, the less likely he or she is to return to prison. For instance, studies indicate that approximately 60 to 75 percent of inmates who receive higher education experience a better rate of employment than those who do not participate in education programs. The Open Society Institute also states that "financial and societal savings of providing an inmate higher education are enormous" (Open Society Institute). When an inmate is released, says the Institute, "the cost-benefit of reducing recidivism will begin to be realized immediately. If we consider the additional benefit of this individual obtaining work, paying taxes, and contributing to the general economy, and the prevention of costs to victims of crime and the criminal justice system, the benefits are significantly greater" (Open Society Institute). In addition, while individuals are in prison receiving a higher education, life behind bars is easier as well. The Institute reports that the learning environment has a "stabilizing influence" on the prison environment which allows a facility to operate smoothly wi...

Why the European Union developed a range of equality policies and Essay

Why the European Union developed a range of equality policies and enacted some strong workplace equality legislation - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that ever since 1957, when gender-based inequality was pledged to be abolished from workplaces in the European Union through the Treaty of Rome, Europeans have seen many changes occur in the field of workplace equality policies. Recently, the European Union again reemphasized upon this aspect of equality in the workplace and modified the workplace equality legislation to give everyone a fair chance in performing at their jobs while the reasons for this move is pretty obvious, exact tenets of the approach used by the European Union are hard to emulate in other countries due to the complexity of clauses presented in the legislation. In order to understand this, we must delve into the details of the changes brought in by the European Union recently. For a country to grow and experience financial and economic prosperity, it is very important that each and every individual in the community has a role to play in contributing towards the infrastru cture of the country. For this to happen, any individual located in any part if the European Union should ideally have all the chances to take up a job he desires and serve the country using his specific skillsets. It was this ideology that prompted the government to set up such legislation initially. In due course of time, several amendments came up to reduce gender bias and racist discriminations in the workplace. Amongst prominent incidents that led to the further upheaval of the policies in this legislation, we find the following to be of utmost importance and to have led to anti-discrimination laws to be more completely defined in recent times. Roma History: Surprisingly a lot of schools in different parts of the European Union had students of Romanian backgrounds, most of whom were victims of discrimination whether at school or in society. Children abused at workplaces were also found in these rehabilitation schools. This observation and the plight of descendants of Gypsies br ought out the need to abolish discrimination at elementary levels, by introducing laws that governed much more than just racial discrimination in the workplace.

Dialectical Journal - The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde Assignment - 1

Dialectical Journal - The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde - Assignment Example However, Algernon alludes that not bearing a mother’s likeness is also tragic. However, this is true if related to the Oedipus Complex. Wilde intended to show the kind of attributes that would influence a man. After noting that Miss Prism bears such attributes, he went ahead to amplify how such attributes would factor into influencing Jack’s brother. The amplification makes the attributes vivid, and exemplifies Miss Prism’s knowledge. Wilde used these ironical and sharply contradicting statements to criticize writings that end happily, as they supposedly are predictable, and do hence to make the readers happy. The device also injected humor into the statement. Wilde used the words to intentionally expose Jack’s intent of lying about the death of his brother. This element of foreshadowing inspires the reader to imagine the events that would unfold when Jack tells the lie. The words are used to make reference to the action of escorting, or accompanying. In this sense, jack projects his intent to accompany Miss Fairfax to a destination, out of the house. Taken literarily, Jack’s statement may also imply an intention of observing Miss Fairfax when she is out of the house. The metonymy has been used to inspire the readers imagination beyond the contexts of the actions of the characters. Chasuble preferred to elaborate the practices in the Primitive Church, in an exemplified manner. As such, his statement stands out amongst the several made by other people. Considering that Chasuble is a doctor, the words were chosen by Wilde to project his social status and level of education. Wilde restructured Algernon’s phrase from ‘as long as’ to ‘so long as’ to create an element of humor. It is the reminder that Jack’s mourning which has been taken seriously even by Algernon, is false. Algernon intended to tell

Remington Consulting Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Remington Consulting Group - Essay Example This report includes analysis of Remington Consulting in the context of human capital management and low labor turn over. It contains relevant theories and analysis of those in the context of the organization. In addition to that, the report also includes the major issues that are arising out of low labor turnover and recommended selection process. Recommendations have been developed for consideration by the Board of Directors and Director of Human Resources based on deficiencies identified, and strategies to overcome limitations. Recommendations include the development of a program for human capital management; accepting higher turnover; embracing innovation in the organization; adopting strategic human resource selection criteria and processes and adopting modern HRM practices. This includes restructuring the organizational boundaries for a move towards dynamic responsibilities, and extensive use of innovation. This study is a case study of Remington Consulting Group. This study was assigned to a unit assignment. The study has been laid out in several sections. Sections include the executive summary; terms of reference; procedure; findings; conclusions and recommendations; references and appendices. The study has been conducted in several phases. The first phase was an overview of the case. This was followed by the review of relevant literature in the form of textbooks, academic publications, case studies, reports. Material from publications was synthesized to analyze the Remington case scenario. This method was considered ideal for the study as it allowed review of a wide range of literature to evaluate the study, and identify good practices. Conclusions were drawn based on the analysis, and recommendations were developed. Findings from the review of literature have been analyzed.

The Music Era Of Baroque

The Music Era Of Baroque In Western music, the period that extends from 1600 to 1750 is known as the Baroque era. Characteristics of Baroque music are complexity, emotional, overly ornamented and embellished. Usually Baroque music was homophonic in texture, one melody with a single high voice or instrument, combined with bass chords or accompaniment. This basso continuo is a notable feature of this period. The bass lines are performed by bass voices or instruments such as cellos or bassoons. In Baroque music, the continuo is also performed by an organ or harpsichord. Composers of this era developed the method of writing music in clearly defined major and minor modes. Rhythm became fixed and continual. There was a distinction between free, improvisatory style and order, control and system. There was an emphasis on emotional expression. By acting on emotion they believed that music should move the listener. Word painting without words became one of the most basic emotional elements of Baroque music. Opera was developed to meet this general desire for personal emotions. Introduced in Florence, Italy around 1600, opera quickly expanded all over Europe. It became the most glamorous and probably the most adventurous and influential artistic genre of the Baroque era (Listen pg154). The opera is drama presented in music, with characters singing instead of speaking. It is a combination of several arts, including music, poetry, drama, acting, scene design, set and costume design and choreography. Opera seria, or serious opera, was the predominant type of Italian Baroque opera. Opera seria plots were based on ancient Greek history and tragic historical events. They were designed to stir up powerful emotions, such as passion, rage, grief, and triumph (Listen pg155). This style allowed virtuoso singers to express their thoughts and feelings through their singing. Opera seria singers were solo soprano or mezzo-soprano, which included castrati, young boys who were castrated to preserve their voices in the soprano range. The acts of an opera seria consist primarily of alternating recitatives and arias. Recitative comes from the Italian word reciting and is a type of vocal music that is tailored to the rhythms of speech. The primary purpose is to present information and advance the plot. Most accompaniments in a recitative are kept to a minimum, usually just the cello and harpsichord playing a basso continuo. The second form, accompanied recitative, used a full orchestra for tense dramatic situations. An aria is a melodic or lyrical piece for a solo voice with an instrumental accompaniment. Arias are usually very complex, vocally demanding and are one of the most powerful ingredients in opera. Here the singer-actor expresses their thoughts and feelings instead of reacting moment by moment as in a recitative. The most frequently used form for the Baroque Italian opera was the da capo form, A B A. The aria begins with composition A, moves through B, and repeats the words and music of A in a da capo or from the head form. The composers wrote part A and B, but allowed the singers to improvise and enhance the music with runs and cadences to create an powerful enhanced effect the second time around (Listen pg157). At the height of the Baroque period, the most successful opera composer was George Frederic Handel. Handel was born in Germany in 1685. Unlike other musicians of the time, Handel was not born into a family of musicians, his father was a barber-surgeon. Handel began his career studying law, but soon realized his talent for music and joined the orchestra at Hamburg, Germany. He became an accomplished organist and violinist. He briefly held a position as a court musician with the elector of Hanover, but longed for a career in London. After leaving Hanover, Handel arrived in London and found his passion for Italian operas. For thirty-one years, he wrote and produced 40 Italian operas including Giulio Cesare (Julius Caesar). Fisher, Burton D. A History of Opera: Milestones and Metamorphoses. Coral Gables, FL: Opera Journeys Publishing, 2003. Print. Kerman, Joseph, and Gary Tomlinson and Vivian Kerman. Listen. 6th ed. Boston, New York: Bedford / St. Martins, 2008. Print. Discuss the Classical Era symphony genre and the composer Franz Joseph Haydn and his Symphony No. 95 in C Minor. (Suggested minimum length 750 words) Use Chapter 12 as a guide for formulating The musical style that followed the Baroque era is known today as the Classical style. The eighteenth- century movement known as the Enlightenment brought about challenges and changes in thought and behavior. During this period, the Age of Enlightenment created a widespread love of music among the middle class. This growing interest affected the manner of presentation with public concerts becoming the focus of compositions. This period gave rise to a new musical style, symphonies that enabled composers to tell musical stories. A symphony is a large body of work with four sections called movements. The movements are opening, slow, minuet (with trio), and closing. This classical style of music emphasizes melody and harmony over polyphony. The first movement of a symphony has a structure called sonata form. It is the emotional core of the whole work (Listen pg 183). The sonata form is based on themes presented in a three-part structure. Exposition, the first part, exposes the listener to the two melodies of the symphony. Then a new section is presented, development, which develops the two themes, varying them, making intriguing musical associations. Finally, in the recapitulation, the first theme is reintroduced in the same order as the beginning, but with minor changes. The second movement is a contrast to the first. No standardized form for slow movements. Minuet or classical dance form was used to compose a third movement in a symphony. The classical era focused on a single stylized dance and introduced it into many different genres. It also carried over some of the Baroque musical forms within it, especially dances such as the minuets. Franz Joseph Haydn was born in Austria in 1732. Unlike other musicians, Haydn did not come from a family of professional musicians. His father was an Austrian village wheelwright and amateur musician. Haydn had a spectacular singing voice, and at the age of eight, was selected to go to Vienna and join the choir of St. Stephens Cathedral. After years as a freelance musician, Haydn was given the job of Kapellmeister by Prince Paul Anton Esterhà ¡zy. The prince was a passonate lover of music and gave him daily access to a small orchestra. Haydn composed 104 symphonies, 83 string quartets, and over 20 operas. Later in life, Haydn wrote twelve symphonies for concerts performed in London, named the London Symphonies. Haydns Symphony No. 95 in C minor(1791) is the third of this famous twelve and the only one written in a minor key. Symphony No. 95 in C Minor has the standard four movement musical form. The opening movement is the classic fast tempo sonata form. The movement begins with a somber exposition of theme one in the minor mode, then moves on to theme two in the major mode. The lively and sizable development alternates from theme one, theme two and back to one. The recapitulation returns to theme one in the minor mode, but changes to the major mode for theme two. In the second movement, Haydn uses his favorite variation form of |: a :||: b :|, in a lyrical, lighthearted tune of only strings. Variation one begins with cello solo, then violins, followed by variation two, in the minor mode, which end with the wind instruments playing forte. This transitions to variation three in the major mode using the strings and winds. The second movement ends with the coda of strings and wind solos. Haydns Symphony No. 95 in C Minor third movement is in minuet (with trio) form. The movement is energetic and teeming with musical humor. It is in the A B A theme pattern: minuet, trio, minuet. Then phrase a begins quietly in the minor mode, then repeats in the major mode, followed by b. Phrase a is repeated back in the minor mode, with an abrupt pause and fermata, (longer than the usual note length). Then a return to the minor mode, repeating b, a ending the first minuet. The contrasting trio begins in the major key introducing phrase c, with a cello solo at a slower tempo throughout. It continues repeating phrases c, then d, c, d and c. The minuet returns quietly, formal and unchanged. Haydn closes the symphony on a bright note by setting the Finale in C major. Haydn is the composer who did more than any other to create the Classical style of music, which emphasizes melody and harmony over polyphony.

Illicit Trade and Drug Trafficking Proving to be a Major Problem Essay

Illicit Trade and Drug Trafficking Proving to be a Major Problem Drug trafficking and illicit trade have proven to be major problems that the international community face as it enters into the twenty-first century. Currently the illegal drug trade market is one of the largest sectors of the modern global economy. Because of this fact, the drug trade is deeply rooted in many nations economic and social cultures, which makes it very difficult to control. Drug trafficking also brings with it the problems of organized crime money laundering, corruption, and violence. In 1999, the United Nations Economic and Social Council warned that the international drug trade was brutal, dangerous, and ruthless for those involved with its actions, as well as those trying to enforce restrictions against it. In the debate over the international illicit drug trade, many have argued that the current situation is based on a supply and demand. The international business of narcotics produces around 400 billion dollars in trade each year, which accounts for almost 10% of all worldwide trade. With that in mind, over the past decades the problem with the illicit trafficking of drugs has been based mainly on the supply of narcotics to the international community. Many nations such as Thailand, Laos, Pakistan, Morocco, Columbia, Peru, and Bolivia are heavily dependant upon the profits of the international drug trade. The United Nations has been continuously involved in stressing the need for governments to reduce production and supply of illicit drugs. However, many nations rely on the profits of the international drug trade as a sustaining force in their economies; this has proven to be a very difficult task. Over time, the problem with illicit drug trade has worsened, over the last decade the production of opium and marijuana nearly doubled, and the production of cocaine tripled. The increase in the demand for drugs, has led to the increase in production of synthetic drugs as well as an increase in the profits for those involved in the drug trade themselves. With the demand for drugs on the rise throughout the international community the time has come for problem solving bodies such as the United Nations to step in and take action. Past United Nations Actions For the past decade the United Nations has been heavily involved in the fight against the illicit drug... ...d NGOs to encourage farmers to reduce the cultivation of illicit opium in favor of alternative crops, but more action needs to be taken.  · Middle Eastern Bloc With the rise of the black market and mafia in certain areas, drug consumption has taken a major rise in recent years. Demand for opium, cannabis, heroin and cocaine have risen drastically. The governments within this region must focus on the stronger law enforcement and restriction of corruption especially in transit countries. . Policy Questions  · What systems or programs does your country support relating to drug trade and control?  · What, if anything, has your country done in the past to help deal with illicit drug trade?  · Does your country rely on illicit drug trade for its economy?  · What has your nation done in collaboration with the United Nations or other independent NGO’s to combat illicit drug trade? Research Here are some good sites for research- http://www.state.gov/g/inl http://www.unesco.org/most/ds22eng.htm http://www.unesco.org/most/ds22eng.htm http://www.unesco.org/most/ds22eng.htm And don’t forget the Mira Costa MUN site http://www.cyberverse.com/~costamun/ GOOD LUCK!

Heart of Darkness Reflection

As stated by Professor Rosenthal, characters are not people, and they are apart of an author’s bag of tricks to make a point. I believe the author of Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad, used that character Kurtz as a symbol to represent savagery. Savagery can be defined as an uncontrolled, fierce and hostile individual. I believe there is a certain degree of darkness/savagery that lies within every being, but it does not always emerge, and if so can prevail to the point of ultimate destruction, that is Mr. Kurtz. We come to know and form our opinions about him by reading the story chapter-by-chapter, narrated by the character, Marlow. To fully understand Kurtz’ representation it’s crucial to first know what the author’s symbolic intentions were when creating the character, and analyze how the narrator’s attitude towards Kurtz changes throughout the story. I believe Conrad created Kurtz to make a point to the readers that he is a representation of savagery. Its one thing to just read the word, knowing what it means, or to just say something is savage without a meaningful justification. Reading Heart of Darkness really gives a great depiction of what savagery really is. Conrad used Kurtz to trail us as readers along, unraveling all the mysteries that Kurtz portrays. Not only do I think Conrad connected Kurtz with savagery but with corruption, exploitation, and hypocrisy as well. Towards the end of the book, one is really able to grasp the connection between savagery and Kurtz in many ways, but it wasn’t until the journey continued throughout the story do we realize that. The narrator, Marlow is always open-minded about Kurtz at first, and then he sees the events going on and eventually sees how savage his character really is. In the beginning of his journey, Marlow hears nothing but good things about Kurtz. He envies him, he thinks he is this extraordinary man that he strives to be like and would hope to be able to finally meet one day. Then, as time goes on, he reaches camp and things unfold. Once he reaches Kurtz, he sees all the decapitated heads, and the natives following Kurtz like he is some sort of God like figure. The law and order that Marlow thought existed in the tribe was no longer there. At this time in the book, we realize the ignificance of what his aunt told him before he left for this journey. Marlow meets with her, and she talked about â€Å"weaning those ignorant millions from their horrid ways† (10). I definitely think is an example of foreshadowing that we one could have noticed early on in the book. She knew that inhuman beings are inside that jungle, the major one being Kurtz. As stated earlier, we initially think Kurtz is this poetic, refined, artistic man†¦ all attribu tes, I feel, that are similar to imperialistic ones, comparable to a leader or dictator of some sort. He is charismatic and convincing (hence all of the natives succeeding him). In a way, his character is comparable to that of the Victorian Era. Conrad wrote this book during that period, so it’s easy to say that was a great inspiration for him. Many themes of the Victorian Era were exploitation, corruption, hypocrisy and more†¦ many qualities I see in the Congo from Marlow’s description. In that Era, there was economic and industrial progress, and like any society, thoughts of self-deception, loneliness and isolation were paramount†¦there was corruption, prostitution and more. Kurtz was an example of man testing extreme situations. It’s important for one to have a sense of place, and it’s hard not to be pessimistic when in a situation like one that Kurtz was in. When one is in this place of bedlam, one chooses to make something of it and either survive, or fail; it becomes a matter of life or death. Kurtz took the roll of a dictator in this environment and although he did it through savage, corrupt like ways, he had no choice. Initially reading, I thought Kurtz went from this prestige figure, to this crazy absurd man and had no idea why he was such a superior tyrant in the Congo, but after really thinking about the circumstances I realized†¦ desperate times call for desperate measures; Kurtz did what he had to do and became something that he had no power to stop from thriving. After completing the book, I believe Kurtz is loosing his mind while being in the Congo, being away from civilization. The longer Kurtz is in that kind of chaos, the more he loses his sanity. It’s not good for anyone to be in a situation where all structure is lost. One thing we don’t know from reading The Heart of Darkness, is whether or not Kurtz has always been like this or if its been hidden and Africa is to blame for the out bringing of this Hyde like character. As readers, we are not aware of the ways that Kurtz lived by. We know he has a woman in his life, but do we know the kind of relationship he upholds with her, or anyone else by that means? Kurtz is a mystery that we try and piece together. Reading this made me think a lot of about real life, relative to everyday people. Does everyone have an alter ego, and are some more refined than others at keeping it in? I feel that everyone has his or her own place of darkness. At some point in life, everyone goes through an abstruse phase, Kurtz’ being in the Congo. If I was stranded in an unknown place with no friends or family, completely on my own, I don’t know how I would make it. Kurtz is in that same situation; he made it work, and although he has become this savage like character, its how he’s surviving in the Congo. This is the point where Conrad is doing a great job at making the readers really think about how Mr. Kurtz should be portrayed. This leads us to Kurtz’ final quote before he passes, â€Å"The horror, the horror† (64). Before Kurtz let out his last words, Marlow asks himself, â€Å"Did he live his life again in every details of desire, temptation, and surrender during that supreme moment of complete knowledge? † (64). I feel as though Conrad never spe cifies the true meaning of Kurtz’ final words for its up to us as the interpreters to really think about what it means. Marlow gives some sort of guidance as what direction to think about, but I don’t really know if I could pin point the true significance. Going back to whether or not the Congo made Kurtz turn into the man he was or not is still the question. Did he belt his closing utterance because he thought of the horror that was going on around him, or was it who he has become after being in such a horrific place for so long? I truly love the fact that Conrad really makes use of this character in every way possible to get us to think of Kurtz, and I think that’s what made him such an outstanding writer. He’s able to embody what savagery represents by having these thoughts cross our minds as we read throughout this book.

Gender and ICT (Information and Communication Technology) Programs

Gender and ICT (Information and Communication Technology) Programs Introduction Information and communication technology continues to be adopted, developed, and integrated in everyday life all over the world by all generations. However, there has been continuous under-representation of women entering into Information and Communication Technology (ICT) programs. This under-representation is a long-standing problem that has been worsening over time, with the society, governments, and institutions coming up with a variety of possible causes and solutions.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Gender and ICT (Information and Communication Technology) Programs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Under-representation has even become rampant in societies that have integrated information and communication technology in school curriculum from the lowest level of pre-school. The most visible indicator of under-representation of women in information and communication technology is the low percenta ge of enrolment in tertiary ICT programs by women. More so, women and men have a wide gap in technology education and exposure to technology (Anderson, 2007, pg 78). Information and communication technology variance between men and women is tied to segregation and status differences that result in reduction in women’s access to knowledge and income resources. The issue revolves around gender inequality in all aspects of social works where women are regarded and treated as less superior to men and even subjects in extreme cases. Women’s limited access to knowledge and income resources compared to men is a considerable factor that causes under-representation of women in adoption and advancement in information and communication technology. The gap between the status of women and that of men is referred to as gender spaces hindering women from knowledge used by men in reproducing income resource power and privileges of advancement knowledge (Buskens Webb, 2009, pg 77) Sum mary article 1 Universities seek to improve information and communication technology courses with respect to gender representation in the study programmes, given the fact that female students are adversely under-represented in male dominated areas such as information and communication technology and mathematics. Female students are proved to perform better than their male counterparts in information and communication technology courses, even though gender differences have a direct relation to different skills and the way people think and carry out their operations. Profession and education in information and communication technology is represented by a small percentage of women despite female predominance in general undergraduate courses. Gender inequality in information and communication technology can be broadly viewed to emanate from the processes of recruitment, retention and the advancement of women in the sector. Universities face many challenges in retaining female students i n information and communication technology courses, with first year students recording the highest rate of dropout.Advertising Looking for assessment on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is attributed to the fact that tertiary ICT enrolments depend on student’s strong foundation of mathematics in secondary and primary schools, which has been affected by the negative view of the subject by most female students. Gender difference in mathematical ability, interest, and perception has been the root cause of under-representation of women in male dominated fields. Gender imbalance in ICT can also be as a result of student motivation and background of pre-knowledge in a particular program, where individual’s internal conditions activates behavior and desire then direct him towards a goal. The motivation may be intrinsic or extrinsic academic orientation that arises from social influences suc h as those from parents, relatives, and friends. Academic extrinsic orientation directs students to successfully complete the educational system and test their own capacity while intrinsic orientation motivates students to study in their own way to improve themselves but with condition that the subject is interesting and attractive to them. However, student motivation can be directly linked to gender differences in that female students go for ICT because of employment needs while male students have extrinsic motivation. Research has based its assumption on the fact that men and women are different in the way they learn and there perception to information and learning materials. In cases where methods and materials of learning and assessment are not tailored to fit the evident differences between men and women in the learning environment, performances vary in broad way. This is due to the fact that men prefer multiple-choice questions while women prefer essays and coursework. Learnin g institutions have therefore introduced a variety of assessment methods that accommodate both men and women. However, learning materials could not be changed to accommodate both genders due to the need of content preservation. Introduction of e-learning has seen improved satisfaction and performance of both men and women although men proved to be more interested than women leading to gender inequality in the long run as students get enrolled into ICT tertiary education and profession. Female students are less satisfied with the introduction of computers in learning than their male counterparts are although they perform better in areas where presentation and verbal skills are applied. In general, women are under-represented in ICT professions and education due to the fact that women identify job security and flexibility of working hours as a motivator while men are attracted and motivated by technology and advancement in the ICT sector.Advertising We will write a custom asse ssment sample on Gender and ICT (Information and Communication Technology) Programs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Summary: Article 2 ICT professions and programs have been lately under-represented by women due to women’s voluntary rejection of ICT despite its the continuous integration into everyday life situations. The industry is facing shortage of qualified ICT personnel with continued reduction of female students who choose ICT as a career choice because of sociocultural influences that shape perceptions about ICT between men and women. The sociocultural influences are linked to specific societies where women are under-represented in ICT due to gender stereotypes, unlike other countries where there is gender balance in the industry. Moreover, gender stereotypes learnt through media, home, and school environment influences perceptions and success expectations of female individuals who could possibly venture into ICT. However, st ereotypes can be modified over time as people grow up and belief that there are no roles linked particularly to masculinity or femininity. The perception that entry into the ICT industry is for economic power and high level of education with technical expertise where girls tend to generally dislike difficult problems and failures linked to ICT. However, the dislikes are as a result girls being imparted stereotypical attitudes by the society and media. Due to the stereotypes, women believe that their success in ICT is by chance and hard work, unlike men who attribute their success in ICT to natural ability. Moreover, women may believe that their failure in ICT is particularly due to their inability. Initiatives such as scholarships to women in ICT have led to further problems since they believe they are selected for the programs due to there gender and not ability. Perception of long working hours in isolation, technical skills, and mathematical abilities of ICT, jobs as fit for men have also contributed to under-representation of women in the industry. Media has also had significant impact on gender stereotypes through programs that depict men as computer programmers and developers, with women as mere users of computer who cannot match men’s technical ability due to genetic makeup. There have been significantly few programs that depict women as ICT professions, unlike the programs that depict women in powerful positions that were previously male dominated. Most ICT magazines show male workers and women being assisted by men in computer work thus negative perceptions to girls. Gender inequality in ICT can be linked to the fact that women and girls do not have female role models in the ICT field.Advertising Looking for assessment on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Evaluations of Article 1 and 2 Article one Article two Relevance The articles analysis of ICT programmes in universities is relevant to gender although mathematics has no relevance to gender inequality in ICT profession and education. Information on gender stereotypes imparted to girls by sociocultural influences is relevant and directly impacts on female under-representation in information and communication technology industry Reliability The analysis is less reliable in concluding that interests and concentration of the girl child on mathematics during lower level of education such as secondary schools has contributed to under-representation in ICT sector. Information is reliable due to the proof that there is gender balance in specific countries such as Portugal and Spain that have positive perception of equal ability between men and women in all fields. Women are equally represented in ICT. Accuracy The information is not accurate since there was no direct relation be tween performance of girls in ICT programmes and mathematics with tertiary enrolment and career choices in ICT The research is more accurate since there was direct proportionality between sociocultural influences and career choices made by women and girls. Lack of Bias The research is not biased to any specific findings. Gender inequality is attributed to varying reasons such as retention, recruitment, and advancement of women in ICT. The information and conclusion of the research is biased to one aspect of gender stereotype although there are a variety of factors contributing to under-representation of women in male dominated fields such as ICT. Completeness The information and research is not complete, as the conclusion does not pinpoint gender inequality to a specific cause. Research and information is complete since female under-representation in information and communication technology is attributed to negative perceptions on women’s ability in male dominated areas. Up-to-date The research is up-to-date as the estimates and women’s opinions represent data for 2006 and 2007. Research isn’t up-to-date since data used was from past researchers and evidence from sociocultural practices that have been there. Reference List Anderson, B., 2007. Information and communication technologies in societies: e-living in a digital. London: Taylor Francis. Buskens, I. Webb, A., 2009. African women and ICT: investigating technology, gender and empowerment, London: IDRC.

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Community policing has been introduced to combat crime and to build a Essay

Community policing has been introduced to combat crime and to build a bridge between police and the public. Critically discuss the effectiveness of this model of policing in achieving these aims - Essay Example olitan Police believes, â€Å"One of the key principles of modern policing in Britain is that the police seek to work with the community and as part of the community† (web). As a strategy, community policing combats crime by creating a mutual relationship between the police force and the public (Kennedy, et al., 1990). Community policing promotes good relationship between public and police enabling them to report criminal acts to the police. This has resulted to decrease in crime rate in Britain. On the other hand, the police force can obtain important and crucial information from the public. Sir Robert Peel confirms that cooperation between the police and public determines the proportion of force that police require to combat crime (Nazemi, 2009). So far, community policing has made it possible for the British police to use less brutal force in combatting crime, at least in the residential areas. Although community policing has been effective in some areas, it has also failed to some extent due to failure of the community to cooperate. The public have always sympathized with the criminals especially when the criminals are family members. This reduces effectiveness of community policing (Farrington, 1994). The public has always seen the police as a public enemy and therefore declined to volunteer any helpful information in fear of victimization thereby reducing effectiveness of community policing (McKnight, 1995). Additionally, witnessing in murder and crime scene cases is quite hectic and involving. Sometimes these cases take years to solve. Criminals might threaten the public into witnessing against them. This makes the public to shy away from assisting the police in their efforts to do community policing hence compromising effectiveness of community policing. By closing the gap between the public and the police force community policing has enabled criminal to learn tactics applied by the police and this has resulted in an increase in crime (Clifford, 1998). In

The Dangers of Cyber-Terrorism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Dangers of Cyber-Terrorism - Research Paper Example The face of international terrorism is beginning to change at a quick speed. Even though the motives keep on being the identical, United States is now confronted with cutting edge and unusual tools. The intelligence strategies, safety strategies, and devices which are designed to shield us, now are immobilized against this latest disastrous tactic, known as cyber terrorism. Moreover, the ways of counter terrorism that the world depends on have become fairly outdated since this opponent is not going to strike people with explosives, however, this enemy strikes with computer viruses and aims to interrupt our computer units which people have grown to be so reliant on. (Collin, 1997) Cyber strikes, system safety and data present complicated troubles that hit into new places for nationwide safety and public plan. This paper examines one list of concerns – those associated with cyber-terrorism and cyber offenses on crucial system and their ramifications for countrywide safety. Cyber-terrorism is â€Å"the consumption of computer system resources to turn off crucial national infrastructures (for example power, transport, federal government procedures) or even force or torment a government or civilian populace.† The idea of cyber terrorism tends to be that as countries and vital infrastructure grew to become more influenced by computer systems for their functioning, innovative vulnerabilities are built – â€Å"a substantial computerized Achilles heel.†